Yuko Hasegawa

Exhibition

Neo Tropicalia

Dialogue with the Future

展覧会

ネオトロピカリア

ブラジルの想像力

Venue : Museum of Contemporary Art Tokyo (MOT),Yerba Buena Center

会場 : Museum of Contemporary Art Tokyo (MOT),Yerba Buena Center

Japan(Tokyo),USA(San Francisco)

東京(日本), サンフランシスコ(USA)


2008-2009


2008-2009


Organization : Tokyo Metropolitan Foundation for History and Culture, Museum of Contemporary Art Tokyo/Embassy of Brazil in Tokyo, Nikkei Inc.


主催 : Tokyo Metropolitan Foundation for History and Culture, Museum of Contemporary Art Tokyo/Embassy of Brazil in Tokyo, Nikkei Inc.

Co-curator : Sachiko Namba

共同キュレーター: Sachiko Namba

Artists :
Lina Bo Bardi, Ruy Ohtake (2nd generation)*, assume vivid astro focus(avaf), Arthur Bispo do Rosário, Lygia Clark, Rogério Degaki (3rd generation)*, Lucia Koch, André Komatsu (3rd generation)*, Leonilson, Rubens Mano, Marepe, Cildo Meireles, Beatriz Milhazes, Giulianno Montijo, Vik Muniz, Ernesto Neto, Rivane Neuenschwander, Tomie Ohtake (1st generation)*, Hélio Oiticica, osgemeos, Lygia Pape, Mira Schendel, Ana Maria Tavares, Erika Verzutti, Isabela Capeto, Ronaldo Fraga, Jum Nakao (3rd generation)*.(*Japanese Brazilian)

アーティスト :
Lina Bo Bardi, Ruy Ohtake (2nd generation)*, assume vivid astro focus(avaf), Arthur Bispo do Rosário, Lygia Clark, Rogério Degaki (3rd generation)*, Lucia Koch, André Komatsu (3rd generation)*, Leonilson, Rubens Mano, Marepe, Cildo Meireles, Beatriz Milhazes, Giulianno Montijo, Vik Muniz, Ernesto Neto, Rivane Neuenschwander, Tomie Ohtake (1st generation)*, Hélio Oiticica, osgemeos, Lygia Pape, Mira Schendel, Ana Maria Tavares, Erika Verzutti, Isabela Capeto, Ronaldo Fraga, Jum Nakao (3rd generation)*.(*Japanese Brazilian)

Although Brazil and Japan are at opposite ends of the world, they share a close relationship. There are 1.5 million Japanese Brazilians living in Brazil the largest Japanese migrant community in the world and there are 300,000 Brazilians, including temporary workers, living in Japan. Although structural modernization started relatively late in Brazil, both Brazil and Japan are located in peripheral, marginal regions. The cultures of both countries evolved under the influence of modernism while still being rooted in its traditional climate and history. Also common to both countries is hybridism and an extensive ability to embrace other cultures. Brazil has the largest number of coexisting ethnic groups in the world. From the beginning, Brazil was a nation marked by blending of races while continuing to incorporate other cultures from outside. It has the world's most firmly established racial democracy informed by racial hybridism, and "Brazilian culture can arguably be defined as simply representing an overcoming of the distance that lay between the cultural legacy of Europe and the Northern Hemisphere and the non-white culture of the Southern Hemisphere." Japan, meanwhile, an island nation surrounded by the ocean and almost completely racially homogeneous, actively embraced different cultures and, through a unique process, "Japanized" these cultures. A factor stimulating the evolution of a "national" culture, that included film and publishing, was the existence of a population that automatically formed a ready market.

In addition to traits common to both countries, such as a highly honed sensitivity and cultural acceptance, is an orientation towards continuous change that remains unrestricted by the framework of Western modernism. In the case of Japan, this "orientation towards the future" first emerged in 1970, in the hybrid of tradition and high technology of Expo 70 in Osaka. In the case of Brazil, this orientation became evident with the appearance of the futuristic Utopian city as represented by Brasilia, the capital completed in 1960. Of interest is the fact that during the 80s, when post modernism was on the rise, Japan, against a background of consumer society, was considered in cultural terms as the strongest manifestation of post-modernism. Although postmodern thought had been introduced into Brazil at an early stage, a robust form of it that can be described as a uniquely Brazilian ultra-modernism prevailed for years in architecture, amongst other disciplines.
However, in the transcending of the differences between these formats of Japan and Brazil lies the commonality of possibilities for the XXI century. If the XX century can be conveyed through three keywords Man, Money, and Materialism [representing individualism, materialism and capitalism) then three new keywords Co-existence, Collective intelligence, and Consciousness can be proposed to both address the issues generated during the previous century, and to survive the consequences of those issues. These keywords reflect a new relationship between the individual and collectiveness in this networked world, in which a change is effected in the relationship between others, the environment and society. Brazil where a self-assured co-existence has been realized and Japan where communication on a non-verbal and conscious level is practiced, and in which the self is viewed from the perspective of others, and nature embraced as being part of the same magnetic field of consciousness both share an affinity and vision for co-existence, collective knowledge, and consciousness. The title of this exhibition When lives become form does not refer to "life" in the sense of the existence of bioforms, but instead signifies a fresh and new perspective of making discoveries through the process of simply living one's life. The strengths behind the improvisational aspect of Brazilian culture and the aesthetics of mitate [portrayal] and hybridization in Japan continue to produce works of a high standard that represent a coexistence of intellect, intuition, and sensibility. If improvisation refers to the sense of rhythm latent in the physical body and manifested through dance or music, then mitate represents the derivation or portrayal of something that is distinct from what the subject appears to be. It is a type of wordplay or play of metaphors to express another aspect of the subject and is found in abundance in cultures in which a system of sophisticated meaning and representation has evolved. Both improvisation and mitate are marked by elements such as "the physical body," "environment," and "play," which evolved from a relationship with a specific cultural and natural environment.
The title also refers back to the exhibition When attitudes become form curated by Harald Szeemann at the Kunsthalle Bern in 1969. Protected by the curator's conceptual framework and the institutional defenses of the art museum, many of the examples of non-representational art conveyed a resistance to the times, to materialism, and art as spectacle. The intention behind the replacement of the term attitude with life is to assert the fact that the "barbaric" knowledge ( unrefined, direct knowledge) of those living at the periphery is not the manifestation of an existential "attitude" towards the Western public, but instead is a manifestation of the process of living, of what it means to be an "exister."
The artists selected for this exhibition were either active during the 50s and 60s or have been active since the late 90s. During the period from the end of the 50s to the 60s, there was a growing awareness in contemporary art of a sense of unity between life and art, as well as a verification of the relationship between art and anti-art or non-art. This tendency was adopted by a new generation of artists in the late 90s and further evolved through their search to communicate with ordinary people in order to "re-regionalize" art. Helio Oiticica, who lived in the favelas in the 60s, argued that "everyday life is equivalent to creating a work of art" and advocated the uniqueness of tropicalia as more than just the culture of those living in the tropics. Atsuko Tanaka, in her aim to transform something that is concrete in the 50s, joined together multi-colored flashing light bulbs into a dress, which she wore on stage. These artists continue to strongly influence young artists today.
Duchamp transformed the value of art by placing ordinary items within the context of art. In remote regions where context is yet to be established, Duchampesque acts are realized through switching from one life site to another.

There is a tradition in Japan in which the value of an object used in everyday life is transformed by changing the way it is perceived or used. Through its use in everyday life, that object eventually becomes perceived as "art." An example of this is the aesthetics of mitate, in which an object that a craftsperson creates becomes a "work of art" when it is used by a tea master, or a garden created only with rocks and sand represents the ocean or cosmos. The equivalent in Brazil would be the transformation of the subject of improvisation. According to Umberto Campana, "I obtained all my creative ideas from the streets. It is the creativity of ordinary people that transforms an empty can that is picked up one day into a beautiful object the next day. What I learnt from the art museum was one thing only elegance." Diticica praised the samba as representing "the greatest public improvisation in the world," asking "How was it that the architecture of the favela, a fantastic improvisation of living spaces communicating delight rather than respectability, was the product of a daily survival struggle?"
There are two tenets of the term improvisation as used in music and dance to convey the meaning of moving naturally that it embraces all phenomena, a fundamental aspect of Zen philosophy, and that it can be danced by anyone without the need for any specific talent. It was Fluxus, a movement of which the central figures were John Cage and George Maciunas, in which these tenets were consciously structuralized. It was also the first international cultural movement in which Japanese artists such as Yoko Ono and Toru Takemitsu played a central role. The spirit of Fluxus evolved into the spirit of improvisation.
In any culture, there are complex systems of symbols in which meaning and implication can be lost in translation. Skin sensation and the sense of rhythm are not compatible with linguistic segmentation, and this also applies to complex representation and implication. It is the expression of these various aspects of life as form that enables their complex richness to be retained. And it is because these are all derived from the practice of different lives being lived that they remain totally distinct from each other.

"When Lives Become Form" Yuko Hasegawa (Excerpt from the catalog)

ブラジルと日本は世界の両端にありながら深い関係をもつ。ブラジルには150万人の日系人が住んでおり日系人の数としては世界で最大であり、一方日本には出稼ぎも含め30万人のブラジル人が住んでいる。ブラジルの構造的な近代化がやや遅れをとったとはいえ、いずれも、辺境の場所にあって、モダニズムの影響を受けながら、風土や歴史に根ざした独自の文化を形成したといえる。二者に共通するのは異種混交(ハイブリディズム)と異文化受容能力の高さである。ブラジルは世界中で最も多くの民族が共生する国である。国内の人種間の異文化の混交から始まリ、外からも文化を取り込んでいく。混血文化に根ざした人種デモクラシーがもっとも定着した国であリ、「ヨーロッパおよび北半球の遺産と、南半球の非白人文化との間の距離を克服したのが、唯一ブラジル文化といってよい」。一方周リを海に囲まれた島国で、単一民族に近い日本は積極的に異文化を受け入れ、独特の過程を経て「日本化」した。国内だけで文化マーケットが成立する人口をかかえていることも、映画や出版などの「国内」文化の充実を促した要因である。

その感度の高さと文化的寛容さに加え、欧米的なモダニズムの枠にとらわれない絶えざる変化への指向が双方に見られる。特に「未来への指向」は日本においては1970年の大阪万国博から始まった、伝統とハイテクのハイブリッドに、ブラジルにおいては、1960年の首都ブラジリアの完成にみられるように突出したユートピア的未来都市の形に現れている。興味深いのは、日本においては80年代、ポストモダン思想が台頭したとき消費社会を背景に文化的に最もポストモダンを体現した国として評された。一方ブラジルはポストモダン思想は早くに紹介されたが、表現においては、建築をはじめとしてブラジル独特のウルトラモダンとでもいうべき強固な形式が長く続いた。

しかしこの形式の相違を乗リ越えて、この二つの国は21世紀における可能性を共有している。20世紀が3つのキーワード3M一個人主義、物質主義、資本主義(man, materialism,  money)で表す事ができるとすれば、21世紀は、前世紀に生じた問題を解決しともに生き延びていくため3つのCが提案される。共生、集合知、意識(co-existence, collective intelligence, consciousness)である。これはネットワーク化された世界において、個と集団の新たな関係性ー他者、環境や社会との関係の変化を反映している。大胆な共生を実現しているブラジル、言葉を介さない意識レベルのコミュニケーション、他者や自然を同じ意識の磁場の中でとらえ、受け入れていく自己のあり方を実践してきた日本は、この3Cに関する親和性と先見性をもっている。

本展のタイトル、「ライフがフォームになるとき」は、括弧付きの「実存」的生ではなく、ただ日々生きるということの積み重ね、実践から新たな発見をしていく、新鮮なまなざしを意味している。ブラジルのインプロヴィゼーションの力、日本の「見立て」の美学やハイブリゼーションの力は、知性と直観ー感性を共存させた質の高い作品をうみだしている。インプロヴィゼーションがダンスや音楽といった身体に内在するリズム感にかかわるものとすれば、見立てとは、ある物の様子から、それとは別のものの様子を見て取ること。その別の物で対象物を言い表す、一種の言葉遊びや、比喩遊びであリ、洗練された意味と表象の体系をもった文化において盛んである。「身体」「環境」「遊び」といった要素をもったこれらは、いずれもある特定の文化自然環境との関係から醸成されたものである。

同時にこのタイトルはキュレーター、ハロルド・ゼーマンが1969年にベルンのクンストハレで企画した「態度が形になるとき」を参照している。多くの非物質的な表現は、美術館空間とキュレーターの強い意思に守られて、時代の状況、物質主義やスペクタクルヘの抵抗を表していた。「態度」から「生」への置き換えは、我々辺境に住む者の野蛮な知性が、西欧のパブリックに対して表明される実存主義的な「態度」でなく、日々形成されていく、ただただ生きる一「実存者」のとしてのありようが形になることの主張を意図している。

本展は50-60年代の作家と90年代後半以降の作家が選ばれている。50年代の終わりから60年代にかけて、現代アートのコンテクストで「生活とアートの一体感」が意識化され、同時に芸術と反ー非芸術の関係の検証が行われた。これは90年代後半、普通の人々とのコミュニケーションを求め、アートの再領域化を試みる世代によって、発展的に継承された。60年代、ファヴェーラに住み「日々の生活が芸術品の制作そのもの」と唱え、「トロピカリア―熱帯に住む者の文化のオリジナリティ」を提唱したエリオ・オイティシカ。50年代、「具体的なものの変容」を目指し、色とりどりの電球を組んで点滅させながら服として身体にまとい舞台にたった田中敦子。彼らは現在の若い作家たちに大きな影響を与えている。デュシャンは日用品を美術のコンテクストに置き換えることで価値を変えた。コンテクストの確立していない辺境の場所でデュシャン的な行為は一つの生の場から別の生の場への転換によって実現される。日本では、日常物を見方や使い方によって価値変換することの伝統をもつ。日々営みを通してモノは芸術という名のフォームを与えられる。職人が作った雑器を茶の名匠が使い込むことで「名物」としたり、石と砂だけの庭で大海や宇宙を表したりする「見立て」の美学は、その例といえる。ブラジルにおいてこれにあたるのはインプロヴィゼーショナルなモノの変容だろう。ウンベルト・カンパナは言う。「僕は造形のアイデアをすべてストリートから学んだ。普通の人々の創造力が、拾った空き缶を次の日には美しいオブジェにかえてしまう。私が美術館から学んだもの、それはただ一つ、エレガンスだ」。オイティシカは「世界で最も優れた大衆のインプロヴィゼーション」と評価し、ファヴェーラの建築の「対面よりも喜びを伝えている生きる為の場所のファンタステイックなインプロヴィゼーション、それは日々を生き抜くサバイバルの産物なのだ」と語る。

自然のままに動くという音楽やダンスに使われるインプロヴィゼーションという言葉は、禅の思想の根底にある起こった事象すべてを受け入れようとする姿勢と、特定のオ能をもたない誰にでも踊れるという二つの姿勢を含んでいる。これを構造的に意識化したのがジョン・ケージ、ジョージ・マチューナスを中心としたフルクサスであり、オノ・ヨーコや小杉武久などの日本人アーティストが中心的な役割を果たした最初の国際文化運動となった。このフルクサスの精神はインプロヴィゼーションの精神につながっていく。どのような文化にも翻訳すれば意味や含意の失われる複雑な象徴の体系が存在する。皮膚感覚やリズム感は言語による文節化にはなじまず、複雑な表象や含意も同様である。生の諸相はかたちとしてあらわされることで、その複雑な豊かさを失わずにいる。それは各々の生の実践からきているがゆえに、互いに全く似ていない。

長谷川祐子「ライフがフォームになるとき 」より引用(註は省略)